Why I Don't Like Crossfit

What it is

Crossfit. Chances are, you've seen some commercial or t-shirt or someone mentioning it on a social media site. It has become some sort of weird phenomenon in American fitness culture.

Personally, I hate it. Well, maybe 'hate' is too strong of a word. I strongly dislike it, and I'll show you why.

Firstly, it's a cult. Yeah, you read that right-- a fitness cult. Men's Health thinks so. Heck, crossfit even admitted it themselves. It's a widespread organization that tends to suck people in. It brainwashes them (no, seriously) to a certain extent and makes them blind to everything else. What do I mean by that? Well, first off, crossfitters think of themselves as totally awesome and the rest of the world sees them as insane. It turns people into sadists. The workouts are ludicrous and they love it. I remember a while back seeing someone on Facebook who used "puked" and ":D" in the same sentence.

Why it's retarded

People actually pay lots of money to do something in a group setting they could do on their own. Like, $100/month minimum, on top of gym dues (if applicable).

"Forging elite fitness" is their slogan (which is parodied in this blog). They consider themselves elite "athletes," when, in fact, their haphazard and unfocused crazy workouts leave them as jacks of all trades, and masters of none.

Most crossfit locations follow a "Workout of the Day," or WOD. It's typically a random combination of at least 3 stations, it has a rigid structire, and is done for time. Everyone does the same exact damn thing, regardless of skill level. As if that wasn't bad enough, good form is not emphasized, which is just begging for injury.

And then there are the kipping pullups.

Kipping (exploiting momentum to get one's body up the bar) pullups have a special place in crossfit hate, for obvious reasons. A kipping pullup might as well be called a "cheating" pullup, because all it does is enable you to do an arbitrarily large number of the exercise with ZERO practicality. YouTube videos of the exercise have incredibly low ratings-- and just look at the comments.

And for good measure, here's another blog post that roasts crossfit.


Devil's advocate

What it will do is get you into shape, and it does tend to make people look good, though it's definitely one of the most painful paths to accomplish this. Sometimes it goes too far with women's bodies, though.

Crossfit can show you your limits, and make them grow. Self-discipline and tenacity carries over to the real world. It teaches you how to overcome mental barriers, and if you're not a self-motivating type, it can show you how easy your "workouts" are in comparison. Good stuff can come out of pushing yourself so hard, as long as it doesn't burn you out (which is ultimately inevitable, anyway). Building character and what doesn't kill you and all that.

P90X

Chances are, you've heard of P90X, the most popular DVD workout program ever produced. It's commonly featured in late-night infomercials, and knowledge of it has spread to many by word of mouth. As the name implies, it's a 90-day program designed to whip you into shape, and it works. It was produced by a company called Beachbody and it is led by none other than Tony Horton.

Tony Horton. Richard Simmons, eat your heart out.

P90X is not for everyone, though-- those who are too out of shape will find that they won't be able to keep up. For these people, P90, the less-extreme predecessor of P90X, would be a better choice, along with several other programs that Beachbody has to offer. For extremely out of shape people, you can never go wrong with the classic tried-and-true weight-loss program: diet and walking (or even jogging).


The Right Stuff

Tony Horton is extremely encouraging and does not fail to motivate you. He's ridiculously full of energy and gets you excited about the program, especially from the start. That builds momentum and makes it easier to stick to the program even if the workouts are not easy. Somehow, Tony manages to make those as fun and entertaining as theoretically possible while still kicking your butt. He nudges you out of your comfort zone without you realizing it a lot of the time.

 Tony is very spontaneous. 

The difficulty level seems to be just about right. Most workouts are intense enough to be productive and efficient, but the nature and pace of the workouts makes them very flexible and allows the user to adapt according to his/her own skill level. What do I mean by that, exactly? Time management.

As far as the regular resistance-based workouts go, a lot of the exercises are done on a time basis. You do what you can, and often there's time left over for you to catch your breath before the next movement. This works great because those who are in not-so-good shape are weaker, thereby finishing sooner because they cannot do as many reps, allowing them more time to rest. When an exercise is based on the 8-12 rep scheme, it still works well for the newbies because less resistance or weight means a smaller cardiovascular demand.

The program goes with you; once you get over that initial adaptation phase, each workout pretty much has its own difficulty level that stays constant. The ability to do more reps or more weight puts a greater cardiovascular demand on you, so you progress with the program and it doesn't get much easier or harder.

 Eventually, you too can master levitation.

This goes for the hardest video, Plyo X, as well. Tony puts emphasis on pressing pause and taking a break if you need it on all the videos, but this advice is especially pertinent for this one. The plyometic workout is hard. It never gets easy. It pushes your limits. Tony Horton recommends a heart rate monitor. When I'm in the middle of a cycle and not taking a break (There were less than 5 times when I got through the whole thing without hitting pause) my heart rate tends to be in the range of 160-180 BPM. The upper limit of 180 and into 190 territory is a ridiculous amount of exertion. I've broken 200 BPM on rare occasions-- that is almost literally maximum effort.

Plyo X: Hardcore training. 
Also, the "weight control" range is BS; it's arbitrarily named.

On difficulty

P90X is tough, especially "the X in P90X," Plyo. However, there comes a point where workout difficulty becomes more self-torture than simply a physical challenge. I am not an advocate of exercise that is this intense. I am not masochistic; I believe that difficulty has a place, but sustainability is much more important. Exercise should not be unenjoyable to the point of suffering.

Very entertaining, but it's really not that bad.

Speaking of celebrities, Isaiah "Old Spice Guy" Mustafa does P90X as well.

Structure

P90X works very well because it mostly follows the general structure of HIIT (High Intensity Interval Training) and resistance circuit training. These are extremely effective ways to lose body fat, and they also happen to be very good for building muscle on new trainees. This often results in a recomposition of body mass, which is often termed as the "transformation" that is so heavily lauded in the advertisements.

The program has a great amount of variety with over 10 different workouts, some of which are very unique. The 90 days is split into 3 three-week phases with a "rest week" after each phase. However, "rest weeks" are mostly "let's do something different" weeks instead of actually taking it easy during that time.

Not all videos were created equal. Some are easy, some are hard, one in particular is hard in another way: yoga. At an hour and a half long, this workout made me run out of patience after a few weeks, in spite of Tony's assertions that it is worth it. But it is great for developing flexibility and non-traditional strength; it is an aspect of fitness that should be appreciated, though some people take yoga too far and use it as their primary form of exercise, thereby neglecting more important things.

 

Trust me, this is harder than it looks.

Learning by Doing

There are a lot of educational and psychological benefits to P90X, which are just as good as the physical changes that the program makes, if not better. The program is great for introducing the uninitiated and the directionless into having a solid fitness regimen.

• The nutrition plan helps to change your perspective on eating and food if you've never followed a real diet before.
• It pulls you away from the common misconception that "cardio" on a machine or otherwise is all you need to lose weight.
• It teaches you the correct way to lift weights, and shows women that resistance exercise should not be avoided.
• It demonstrates that you don't need a gym to get in shape.
• It emphasizes flexibility, something that is often overlooked.
• It proves that you can change your body for the better if you want to.
• It builds character, to some extent
• It improves discipline and self-control
• It toughens you up
• Etc.

The program is great for building mental endurance and toughness. It teaches you how to "bring it"-- to transcend mental blocks and give a serious effort, focusing on the task rather than your comfort. It teaches you how to set a goal and achieve it. And it does all this without being too difficult.

P90X does not require you to be this intense and inspiring.

Words of Wisdom

Sorry for being cliché, but the journey is more important than the destination. The journey never ends; those who reach their goals and fall back to their old ways are defeating the point. I don't like saying "fitness is a way of life" because that sounds a little too serious. Rather, it's more of a hobby. A hobby does not control your life-- it's something you do. If you want to live longer and look and feel better than everyone else your age as you get older, you're going to need to be active. But that doesn't mean you have to do P90X, or try to look like a fitness model. 

Problems with the Program

The nutritional plan is fairly decent. It's outdated and not very flexible, but it works for the most part. It throws around some broscience (workout/gym "bro" + pseudoscience; false assertions made by those who look good but don't necessarily know what they're doing) which is harmless on its own aside from spreading falsehoods and ignorance.

Some of its marketing is misleading, specifically the term "muscle confusion" which is a load of pseudoscientific crap:

 Broscience and steroids. I'm dead serious on the steroids accusation-- the results on this guy were not remotely possible without them.

The program is great for getting into better cardiovascular shape and losing body fat. It is not very good for building muscle, unless the user is fairly new to resistance training. However, it does improve muscle conditioning and endurance, and even strength in certain metrics.

Also, it includes static stretching before certain workouts, which turns out to do nothing but weaken your muscles. Dynamic stretching is much better for warming up, and static stretching should be reserved for afterwards.

While most of the equipment for the program is easily justifiable, for-profit Beachbody tries to make as much money off of you as possible. The "recovery drink" mix is mentioned a lot, and is really not much more than powdered protein and sugar that is ridiculously overpriced. The equipment you do need often costs a good bit more from Beachbody than elsewhere. But I guess that's just capitalism at work.

By the way, P90X 2 is (finally) due out in December. I'm not buying it. Too much equipment, and too expensive. Tony Horton is well into his 50s and still going strong. He really is this generation's Jack LaLanne.

My Experience

My whole story is somewhat long, so I'll try to not start too far back. When I came to college, I stuck with mindset my trainer gave me, but decided all I needed to do to gain muscle was to eat more. In the end, I ate lots, gained minimal muscle, and got fatter. Next semester I decided I needed some serious change and committed to doing P90X. I ate a lot less food and worked hard, and started seeing progress pretty quickly. So without further ado, here are my before and after pictures:

This was actually more than 90 days. 

It's been a while since my "after" picture.

One Last Thing

I leave you with this gem of a parody:

Green Eggs and Bacon

I'm sure you're familiar with the classic kids' book:

If your parents didn't read you this book as a kid, they didn't love you. 
They probably would have read this book (NSFW language!) instead.

However, as you have probably guessed, I'm talking about "green" eggs and bacon here in a metaphorical sense. Public opinion would have you believe that these are both fairly bad for you, and you are better off eating a "balanced breakfast" of cereal and fruit juice, and maybe some low-fat sugar-yogurt. This is tied to the whole "fat phobia" but also the "cholesterol phobia."

I recently talked about the ignorance surrounding fat, but as for cholesterol, I'm not going into great detail because Fat Head (and the supplementary lectures) cover it adequately. Long story short, the important thing is this: dietary cholesterol intake has an insignificant impact on blood cholesterol, and total cholesterol levels are bad indicators of cardiovascular health anyway.

The Incredible Edible Egg

Chicken eggs are the classic breakfast food staple. They're pretty awesome when you think about them-- you can mass produce them without directly killing anything (Ohai, ovo-vegetarians!) and are cheap (I tried really hard to not make a pun right there), they are [relatively] durable and seemingly never go bad, and they are one of the most nutrient-dense foods ever. Vitamins, minerals, and tons of micronutrients like choline, on top of 6 grams of protein a pop, make them really good for you on top of leaving you satiated. After all, it's everything a chick needs to develop to the point of breaking out of its own shell. Oh, and if you haven't realized it, an egg is one giant cell. How cool is that?

 Om nom nom nom nom

One of the worst offenses that the health fitness industry has committed against mankind is to spread the idea that yolks are bad for you, to the point of throwing them away so all you have is the egg whites left. The yolk is the best part, and to toss it is idiotic. There's a saying that goes something like this: "Mother Nature cries every time a yolk hits the wastebasket." If you want so badly to eat only the whites, go buy a carton of them at the store instead of whole eggs. That way the yolks don't go to waste and it's easier on you, since you don't have to strain out the whites.

Eggs are good for weight loss, and the calories (yolk-inclusive) are very much worth it. If one wants to cut calories, they should do so elsewhere.

Bacon (AKA meat candy)

Did you know that cooked bacon has roughly the same amount of fat (of which only 1/3 is saturated, by the way, if that even matters) and protein in it? That's probably a lot better than what you were led to believe. Bear in mind that cooked bacon is very different from raw bacon in terms of fat. It's a good, solid meat that's much better for you than sausage (although that tastes good too; I'm a sucker for bratwurst). Plus, it's delicious.

 Remember this viral video? He was right all along!

It also turns out that turkey "bacon" is not better or worse for you, so you might as well eat the non-kosher stuff.
I love real bacon, but not as much as Ron Swanson:

And of course I have to mention EpicMealTime. To not do so when speaking of bacon would be a sin.

Bacon + Eggs = Win

"Bacon and eggs." It's like one unit. The archetypical epic breakfast combo:

More Parks and Recreation. This is obviously a good show.

And again, EpicMealTime, with a side of Tourette's Guy. Oh, and this song.

Drawbacks

Since they are loved so much, bacon and eggs have to be mass-produced to keep up with demand. With that comes less-than-ideal products. Not to worry though, because they can be dealt with.

Bacon is usually cured with nitrates or nitrites. I don't know much about this, though, so here's a nice scholarly article if you're so inclined to read it. From what I gathered from this and other research is this: don't worry about it if you don't eat tons of bacon at once. If you do, it would benefit you to ingest some vitamin C (e.g., orange juice-- it just so happens to go perfectly with breakfast) or other antioxidants (I try to take some green tea extract every day. It's really good stuff.) to offset any possible bad effects of nitrites/nitrates.

It comes down to personal choice. I've eaten this exact kind before.

It tastes the same as cured bacon.

As for eggs, they are generally fine, but it should come as no surprise to you that the standard, inexpensive variety come from hens that spend most of their lives in a tiny cage in dreadful conditions. They are fed low-quality grains, which are probably infused with antibiotics and other great stuff. But that doesn't make the eggs bad, just sub-optimal.

Eh, it's not like they have feelings.

They're better off than the wee little piggies anyway.

Freakin' watermarks.

If you want optimal, buy the organic/free range eggs. Now, I'm not on the organic bandwagon (I actually buy the huge 36-egg value carton of regular eggs because I'm a college student) but if you're serious about putting only the best stuff into your body, buy the good stuff, because there is a difference: organic egg shells aren't all white, and their yolks are orange.

Not a huge difference, but it's obvious. 

Presumably, more color = more nutrients.

Not all "cage-free" eggs are produced quite like this, though.

So now you know almost everything you could possibly want to about bacon and eggs. Don't avoid them; they're good for you, despite what many would like you to believe.

Silliness, Ignorance, and Gullibility

This post is more or less an amalgamation of many different things that I find annoying, unfortunate, and (sometimes) entertaining.

Common Grammatical Errors

Lose vs. loose:
If you lose a lot of weight, your pants will become loose.

Workout vs. work out:
'Workout' is a noun, and 'work out' is a verb.
I'm going to work out at the gym this evening, even though I'm still sore from Monday's workout.

Regimen vs. regiment vs. regime:
'Regimen' is an exercise plan. 'Regiment' is an infantry division in the military. 'Regime' is a government in power.
The new regime drafted many men into a regiment and put them through a very strenuous training regimen.

BMI

The Body Mass Index is probably the most abused thing in the realm of health and fitness.
The BMI is a population statistics tool, and NOT to be used by individuals to determine healthiness.
It is USELESS as an individual tool because it does not differentiate between lean and fatty weight. There are many body types that make it pointless for use by individuals, such as being "skinny-fat" or being big and muscular. These variations in type tend to cancel each other out, statistically speaking.

BMI is a silly thing that receives an inordinate amount of attention. Ignore what anyone else has to say about it. The most useful tool for determining body type is a mirror.

Ignorant Training Misconceptions

This is the kind of stuff that intersects with some of my other blog posts.

First and foremost is the idea that cardio counts as a full workout and is all you need to do at the gym. Women and people trying to lose weight are the most frequent perpetrators. I'm not going into detail because I've talked about this before, but it is almost always impossible to achieve your ideal body without resistance training.

Intrinsically related to this concept of not lifting weights is the stupid conception that resistance training will automatically make you big and 'bulky.' This is ridiculous. You can never accidentally get too muscular. Even people who try hard to build muscle have a hard time doing so. This is especially true for women, who have nowhere near as much testosterone as men do, which is a powerful anabolic hormone. Women bodybuilders of the grotesque kind invariably take steroids, without which it would be impossible to look the way they do.

By the way, bodybuilding is not so one-dimensional. There are actually 3 major categories in which women compete: full-on bodybuilding (AKA gross), figure, and bikini. The latter usually consists of what women commonly perceive to be the 'perfect body,' but, to be fair, most of them have breast implants.

 And this is why women should lift weights.

But just lifting weights isn't enough. You have to do it right, and a lot of people mess even that up. It's not as simple as picking things up and putting them down.

The most widespread training error is using weights that are too light. This accomplishes nothing but wasting time and burning a nominal amount of energy. Often it's under the pretense of "toning." As I've said before, "toning" exercises are not a real thing. You can develop muscle, or you can lose fat (all over your body, that is; spot reduction is not a real thing either) but you generally can't do both simultaneously. Either way, lifting light weights is ineffective for improving your body because it sucks as a weight-loss method too. You can probably burn calories faster by floundering around in a wading pool with a water aerobics class for senior citizens.

Thank God they're not wearing bikinis.

On the other end of the spectrum are the guys who use too much weight. It's extremely easy to spot this mistake because too much weight almost always causes bad form. It's usually counterproductive too, because bad form usually means poor Range of Motion (which means poor exercise quality), and it also means a higher risk of injury. Plus, it makes you look like an idiot.

Aside from lifting too light or too heavy, there's the problem of lifting wrong.
What I mean by this is an overemphasis on machines relative to free weights, and an overemphasis on isolation exercises relative to compound exercises.

Free weights are vastly superior to machines, with a handful of exceptions. In general, machines force your body to do unnatural and artificial movements, and free weight exercises allow your body to move according to its own physiology. Machines also fail to work the many small "stabilizer" muscles that are synergists to the bigger muscles. Machines also overpromote isolation exercise.

The bicep curl machine. What a worthless piece of crap.

Too much emphasis on isolation (that is, working one thing at a time: biceps, triceps, abs, etc.) and not enough on compound movements (working many things at once: squats, deadlifts, bench press, overhead press, etc.) often results in an unbalanced physique and real-world weakness. In addition, compound free weights are superior to those used in isolation for development of many "accessory" muscles.

But I'm not just asserting what I've learned vicariously; I experienced the difference between machines and isolation and compound free weights firsthand, but that is a long story that I am saving for later.

Speaking of isolation, I'm going to go back to spot reduction and talk about that in better detail. This is goes hand-and-hand with the idea of toning, which is why I mentioned it earlier.
The most common toning/spot reduction exercises I see women do are crunches, ab machine work, and flopping legs back and forth on the leg adductor and abductor machines. They spend ridiculous amounts of time doing these and give them so much attention.

Yes, those machines.

People think that if you work a muscle a lot (meaning low weight and high reps) that muscle becomes more "toned" and the fat above the muscle being worked is used, in part, as fuel for the movement. This kind of makes sense, but your body just doesn't work that way.

Your body picks where it likes to have fat. The place where your body likes it most is where it is the slowest to come off. Conversely, the place where it likes it the least is the fastest to come off. You can't cherry-pick the areas you want to be lean. The only thing you can do is to lower your total bodyfat percentage.
(addendum: technically speaking, spot reduction does exist, but only in a technical and not a practical sense)

If there were a video that summarized everything not to do which I just talked about, this would be it.
This pisses me off so much. Yeah, being a model is REALLY TOUGH, alright. Those workouts are sooooo hard! Idiocy and good genetics right there. But it's not entirely her fault-- this personal trainer is an IMBECILE. I'll talk about trainers in a future blog post.

As Seen on TV

If you try to recall the first commercial of some bogus fitness product that comes to mind, you'll probably think of these ridiculous ab machines, or maybe the infamous shake weight:

Facepalm. 

By the way, big surprise, "dynamic inertia" is a pseudoscientific term.

(I should know, I'm a mechanical engineering student.)
I liked the parody better anyway.

To people with common sense, it should be obvious that producers hire bodybuilders or models to promote their product. They didn't get ripped from it. Sometimes more 'normal' people are used in testimonials, and their transformations almost never result from the use of one extra product. If something is too good to be true, it probably is.

Speaking of ridiculous ads, there's a rip-off of 5 Hour Energy that has even cheesier commercials. So many things are wrong with this: she's not really sweating, she doesn't appear to be actually working/breathing hard, and she is SWITCHING FROM ONE CARDIO MACHINE TO THE OTHER. DIDN'T I JUST TALK ABOUT THIS!? GAAAAAAAH! POSITIVE FEEDBACK = NEVERENDING CYCLE OF IGNORANCE!

Of course most of these things seen on TV are ridiculous. I mean, have you actually seen anyone use these in real life? Sadly, there are some recent products that are just as ridiculous that have seemed to take off-- namely, toning shoes.

I'm sure you're familiar with those things. You know, the ones with the completely absurd commercials? Yeah, well, people fall for them. Luckily, though, some people have working brains.
I don't know about Skechers, but Reebok paid a hefty price for all that false advertising.

I have nothing to say other than "FAIL!"

These retarded shoes had a predecessor: the Fit Flop. This clip summarizes why either of them don't work. If you want a good butt and legs, you need to do squats and deadlifts.

Pretty depressing, right? Well, these things don't hold a candle to the Power Balance wristband.

This makes me so livid that I'm going to have to bust out the CAPS LOCK (AGAIN):

YOU HAVE TO BE A SPECIAL KIND OF STUPID TO SINCERELY BELIEVE THAT HAVING A PLASTIC BRACELET WITH A SHINY STICKER ON IT IS ACTUALLY GOING TO DO SOMETHING!

But you know what? I'm not mad at the creators of the Power Balance band. In fact, I envy them. They got filthy stinkin' rich off of American stupidity. Capitalism at its finest.

And then there is CieAura, Power Balance's inbred cousin, which skips the plastic and involves putting a shiny sticker right on your skin:

WARNING: May make you lose faith in humanity. Watch at your own risk.
"Put one on your forehead and you'll turn into Dr. Manhattan!"

To finish, I might as well mention the one infomercialized product that is actually worth it: the famous P90X. I'll do a post on P90X soon.

Not pictured: The Free Version

Fat Phobia

If you've seen Fat Head, you have an idea why fats have been demonized for the most part. But it's really gotten out of hand, and now advertising has ensured that this cycle of ignorance is going to continue for a very long time. Every other food commercial you see on TV emphasizes that the product has a low amount of fat, if any. Often foods are listed as X calories and Y grams of fat, as if they are independent quantities. I'm really sick of it. Here's a clip of people with bad accents talking about it briefly.

 Fat Free does not necessarily mean "better." Yoplait adds tons of sugar to compensate for the lack of taste. Yogurt is good, but not this crap. Eat Greek yogurt instead: the low- and non-fat versions don't add any sugar and as a result are chock full of protein.

This Seinfeld clip sums up the worst of the ignorance surrounding dietary fat in a satirical fashion.

Recalling Fat Head again, fats are almost the exact opposite of what public opinion would have you believe: they're good for you, even saturated fat. Yes, really.

One kind of fat stands out as being especially good: coconut oil. It's actually a kind of saturated fat, but it's a "medium chain" fat which has some 'magical' properties. Here are two videos on the topic.

But of course there are some bad fats. The processed kinds you don't find in nature.

First, I present to you canola oil. Now this oil just drips with irony (I apologize for that horrible pun). It's touted as one of the "healthiest" oils, but it's chemically derived. And... well, see for yourself:

And then there are the oh-so vilified trans fats. Now, believe it or not, not all kinds of trans fat are as evil as Hitler. But one kind is incredibly bad for you: hydrogenated oil. It's surprisingly common in some processed foods. Try not to eat that at all, if you can help it.

Now here comes the rage-inducing part: FDA rules say that nutritional labels can have rounded-down amounts of whatever is in the food, to the nearest gram. So that means there can be .4 grams in one serving and you can slap a big 'ol shiny sticker on the front that screams "ZERO TRANS FATS!" And that's not all- a 'serving' is a completely arbitrary quantity, and as such it can be exploited. 0.8 grams of trans fats in a serving of a quarter cup? Not a problem, make the serving size half as big and then you can say that there is 0g of trans fats in your product.

Peanut butter is one of the most flagrant abusers of this rule. When you get peanut butter, look at the ingredient list. Don't buy it if hydrogenated oil of any kind is in there. Look instead for "natural" peanut butter. This is the good stuff without the hydrogenated trans fats. 

 See the yellow sticker? No trans fat, my ass!

Hydrogenated oils prevent the natural peanut oil from separating from the rest of the peanut butter, sparing you from having to stir it all the time. This would be nice if it didn't do evil things to your body. There are natural peanut butters, however, that have non-hydrogenated oils added that prevent the oil from separating-- in that case, it's usually palm oil.

Relevant: Tourette's Guy (NSFW language and hilarity)

I don't think I did a good enough job of attacking the stupid cultural phobia of fat, so I might come back to this later. But the take-away lesson is this: calories are what matter most; for yogurt, go Greek; for peanut butter, go natural.

Oh, and avoid skim milk.

The 80/20 Rule

A really good thing to keep in mind for is the Pareto principle, or the 80/20 rule. It states that 80% of the effects (results) comes from 20% of the causes. 80% profit comes from 20% of the customers. Or, more importantly, 80% of your results comes from 20% of your actions.

What does this mean, exactly? Focus on the fundamentals, not the hundreds of little things that too many people focus on.

20% of what you do, 80% results:

• Having a good, consistent exercise regimen
• Keeping track of your average daily caloric intake
• Eating enough protein
• Drinking enough water
• Not being deficient in any vitamins/minerals
• Getting enough rest/sleep

80% of what you do, 20% results:

• The difference between 8 and 12 reps per set
• The difference between 3 and 5 sets
• Your relative protein, fat, and carb intake
• Wheat vs. white bread
• Whole versus nasty skim milk
• Not eating junk food at all
• Strictly following your diet to the letter
• Eating anything deemed healthful instead of something else with the same caloric content
• Working out so hard you get nauseous or puke
• Having workouts so hard to the point of being unenjoyable
• Going way past your comfort zone
• Going the extra mile
• Working out on an empty stomach
• Paying too much attention to your protein intake
• Drinking a protein shake instead of solid food after working out
• Worrying about pre- and post-workout nutrition
• Drinking water or tea instead of diet soda
• Getting the "low fat" version of anything
• Having workouts that are unnecessarily long
• Worrying about high fructose corn syrup or sugar or preservatives, etc.
• Obsessively reading the nutritional info on everything
• Worrying about the nutritional facts of food you eat at a restaurant
• Making sure your caloric intake is always within 100 calories of your goal
• Not having cheat days

You get the idea. Stick to the basics.

On Weightlifting

Overview

As discussed in my previous post, I think anyone wishing to get in better shape should lift weights. Of course there are exceptions for those with bone and joint issues, but I'm talking about otherwise healthy people.

Resistance training is great, but people will have their individual goals in mind when doing it, and that means training differently. Some train for muscular endurance for athletic performance (think rowers and swimmers); some only want to get strong; some just want to get huge; but most just want to look better without going into any extremes- so that's what I'll talk about in this post.

Aside from goals, how you train depends on your experience and personal preference. There is no one right way to do it. For the inexperienced, it's best to find a friend or a personal trainer to show you the ropes before trying anything on your own. Once you are familiar with the gym and most of the exercises, you can either follow a certain program or stick with a trainer. A big mistake most trainees make is not adhering to any coherent regimen, and doing whatever they feel is 'right' (by the way, it's regimen, not regime, which means a government in power). I have been guilty of doing this. Find a program that fits your agenda or mix-and-match. The important thing is to be consistent and to push for steady progress toward your goal.

Guidelines
"Everybody want to look like a bodybuilder but nobody want to lift no heavy-ass weight" -Ronnie Coleman

If you want to look good, you must lift heavy.

By heavy I don't mean train with weights that are really heavy. I mean it should be challenging for you, enough to work your muscles hard, but not so heavy that it takes an extraordinary amount of effort to lift the weight. The general rule of thumb is to choose the heaviest weight that is you can lift 8-12 times, with good form. At the end of each set, the last few reps should be hard. Not "I'm going to have an aneurysm" hard, or anything remotely close to that, but requiring a decent amount of effort and focus. For those who would rather place precedence on strength instead of aesthetics, the rep range should be lower, at about 5 reps per set.

Ahnuld and his training buddies didn't screw around.

Lifting heavy is the best way to go because not only are you encouraging muscular development, you are also doing anaerobic exercise, which is effective for losing bodyfat. However, simultaneous muscular growth and fat loss, "recomposition," is hard to pull off if you're not a newbie or you don't have a lot of extra fat tissue.

The whole idea behind resistance training is to make your muscles work relatively close to their maximum capacity, so your body has a reason to make your muscles grow. When you recover with sufficient rest and nutrition, you will be slightly stronger, so you will need to do more work in order to continue growth, bit by bit. This is called progressive overload.

This is the best Google Images could do. Close enough.

The general idea of weight training is this: you work your muscles hard in the gym, close to their maximum capacity, causing microtrauma (microscopic tearing) to your muscular fibers. Good nutrition and sufficient rest will repair these damages, and then some. Thus, you get a tiny bit stronger. This concept is called overcompensation. If you want results, you'll need to do two things: 'damage' your muscles sufficiently (i.e. give your body a reason to make your muscles grow), and eat and rest well. You get results from recovering from lifting heavy, not from the lifting itself.

But of course when you get stronger, you can't just keep using the same weight. You have to use something just a tiny bit heavier whenever you get a tiny bit stronger. This concept is called progressive overload and it is critical to prevent you from stalling and plateauing. Novice lifters can often pull off linear progression, meaning that you are steadily getting stronger every time.

Okay, so now you know why you need to lift heavy. But what about the kinds of exercises you should be doing?

No, not that Heavy.

Simple, compound movements. Compound means it uses many muscle groups at once, in contrast to isolation, which means only one or a few muscles at a time. Compound is king for improving body composition.

Of the compound exercises, barbell movements are extremely good for trainees of all levels. They recruit many muscles at once- the major ones are squats, deadlifts, bench press, overhead press (often called the "military press"), and rows. Calisthenics (body-weight exercises) are also very important: push-ups, pull-ups, chin-ups, dips, etc.

Here is a great resource for almost every well-known free weight movement out there.

Free weights (barbells and dumbbells, collectively) and calisthenics are also vastly superior to most machines. There are a few good machines out there but there's no need for beginners to use them.

It is a good idea to eschew weight machines when possible. Some are good, but most are bad. I may go into detail about this in the future, but in the mean time do not use the smith machine if you can help it, with the exception of simply using it as a fixed bar to do pull ups or some other calisthenic exercise. As for lifting weights, the biggest drawback the smith machine provides is a false sense of security that can lead to some pretty bad injuries.



Starting Strength


A very good beginner's strength program, lauded by many as the definitive novice strength program, is Starting Strength. It's named after the book in which it is found that you can also find online (I bought a hard copy from Amazon, and it's totally worth it), and it's chock full of great knowledge for the beginner weightlifter. It's an indispensable resource for learning how to do a lot of the basic lifts with good form on your own, and it features some great explanations of kinesiology as well.

On this program, often called 'SS,' one can experience a very rapid increase of strength and muscular development, given everything is done right. Linear progression is to be expected, and it's really quite amazing. Some people get pretty incredible results. It's simple, with two sets of workouts: A and B.
 
There are a few variants for those who want a little flexibility, too. The version I do goes something like this:

A: Squats, Bench Press, Pull-ups
B: Squats, Overhead Press, Deadlifts

For each exercise, you do a few warm-up sets, then 3 "work" sets of 5 reps before moving on to the next one. The work sets should be hard but doable with good form, and there should be several minutes' worth of rest in between sets.

You alternate workouts A and B, with rest days in between, for 3 workouts a week. So, for example, starting on Monday:

A/off/B/off/A/off/off
B/off/A/off/B/off/off

It's simple, but it works. If you get stuck early on, there exists only three possible problems: not lifting right, not eating right, or not sleeping right (8+ hours a night). Skinny guys will need to eat a lot of good, quality food. That means a lot of protein and a lot of calories, every single day.

Rest days exist for recovery; doing squats every other day requires that you eat a lot. But that doesn't mean go nuts with junk food. A common recommendation for very skinny people is to drink a Gallon Of Milk A Day: GOMAD. Yeah, the acronym is fitting. But it works. A gallon of whole milk every day on top of a good bit of solid food will virtually guarantee weight gain for perpetually skinny dudes who can't seem to gain weight ("hardgainers").


For not-skinny novices, especially skinny-fat guys, they can pull off recomposition


Common Mistakes


There are many ways to train right, but there are even more ways to do it wrong.
Unfortunately, people are ill-informed, and many don't know to lift heavy- even some personal trainers are pretty ignorant of this fact (mine was).

When girls lift, they usually use weights that are way too light, under the pretense of 'toning,' which ends up just being a waste of time. Some guys are guilty of doing this, too. There is no such thing as 'toning exercises.' This is an extremely widespread misconception that needs to end. To look toned, one needs two things: muscular development and/or size, and a low bodyfat percentage. And guess what's the easiest way to achieve that? By lifting heavy.

It's very easy to spot people who are lifting weights that are too light: it looks like they aren't even trying. I have no idea why so many people lift like that. If you don't put forth much effort, you can never expect to get good results. But there's another side of this problem: guys obsessed with the amount of weight they are lifting and not caring about bad form. This is an about-face from lifting too light to lifting too heavy. Bad form not only makes you look stupid, but more importantly, it can lead to injuries. If you can't lift a weight with good form, then it is too heavy for you. The biggest exception to this is at the end of a set if you need a little extra something to get the weight up.

At the other end of the spectrum are the guys who just overdo it. Either they get unnaturally muscular to the point of being a freak, or they have an incredibly imbalanced physique. The latter often materializes in the form of 'chicken legs,' but there is a more subtle variety- the guys who are overdeveloped in some areas and underdeveloped in others. What I mean is those guys who walk around with massive arms, but something just doesn't look right. These are commonly referred to as "curl bros." Speaking of curls, they are hands-down the most abused and overemphasized movement ever. The bench press might be in a distant second place.



And then there are the guys who don't ever train the lower half, and this results:

On Exercise

[This is another post that I'll probably end up updating several times]

Misperception

Exercise, or any kind of physical activity, is too often seen as something arbitrary- something that is totally optional. Some people see it as a mild form of self-torture while others know it's good for them but for a variety of reasons don't do it regularly- usually it's an excuse. Too busy, not enough energy, no motivation, et cetera. Sometimes these excuses are legitimate, but more often than not they are mostly internal justifications. I think one reason really stands out that explains why people fall off the wagon before long: not seeing any substantial improvements.

 I have this on a t-shirt. It's my favorite anachronism.

You're doing it wrong.

Of course nutrition is incredibly important, and that plays a huge part in getting results, but the way in which a lot of people exercise just doesn't work well. The problem is that these people can still be working hard in the gym, and sticking to their routine, but the changes just aren't happening fast enough for all that effort to be worth it.

What am I talking about, exactly? Well, for starters, far too many people go to the gym, get on a cardio machine for anywhere from 30 minutes to an hour, and then leave. Usually it's excruciatingly boring without the row of TVs or your favorite portable electronic device:

Carrot-on-a-stick.

This is incredibly common for women, aptly called "cardio queens." Sometimes they're on a machine when you get there and still there when you leave. And they usually don't have exceptionally good-looking bodies, either. I'll talk about that in a second.

I think traditional cardio (including outdoor jogging, biking, etc) can be extremely beneficial, but to a point. Getting in relatively good cardiovascular shape is very good for your well-being.

Starting to run will do wonders for you. 

However, after a month or two of running, you'll get diminishing returns.

"Okay, what's the 'but'?"
Regular cardio has one major problem with it: it's aerobic exercise. First, a science lesson:

Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

Aerobic means 'requiring air.' Your body metabolizes energy with the use of oxygen, and that's your body's default mode. You can sustain aerobic exercise indefinitely. However, it has a fairly low capacity, meaning that it's not sufficient if you require your body to expend energy really fast- that's where anaerobic metabolism kicks in.
 
Anaerobic exercise uses glucose and glycogen in lieu of oxygen, but in doing so it builds up lactic acid. Now, lactic acid (AKA lactate, half of a glucose molecule) is not the stuff that makes your muscles 'burn,' or the stuff that causes muscle soreness (which is poorly understood, by the way). It's the byproduct of anaerobic metabolism, and when it accumulates, your muscles have trouble working like they should- that's why anaerobic exercise isn't sustainable for very long. To get rid of lactic acid, your body metabolizes it aerobically. Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism therefore work together- the aerobic metabolism helps to remove lactic acid, but at a rate slower than it is being produced. This is why you can run longer than you can sprint, and why you breathe so hard afterward.

This is an oversimplification, though, and this article will provide a better explanation if you are curious enough.

Yay biology!

So, science out of the way, on to my main point:

Aerobic versus anaerobic exercise

 Too much emphasis is put on aerobic exercise, AKA cardio, and it's counterproductive when it's overdone. I think this page talks about the downsides of prolonged aerobic activity pretty well, even if it carries an extremely negative overtone, so take that with a grain of salt.

Of course aerobic activity is good for you if you don't overdo it, but I believe it's inferior to anaerobic exercise if you want to look like a Greek god or goddess. That means improving your body composition, not just achieving a low bodyfat percentage. The point of looking good is not to be skinny- you need muscle, too, females included. Anaerobic activity can get you lean like aerobic activity can, but anaerobic exercise tends to build muscle, while aerobic exercise tends to break it down.

Recall that anaerobic exercise burns calories a lot faster than aerobic exercise. So that's reason #1 why it's superior: you can burn more calories in less time. In addition, you won't be bored because you're focused, and since your muscles are working hard to keep you moving so fast, they won't atrophy like you see on endurance athletes. That's two for the price of one: losing fat and maintaining (probably even gaining) muscle! And not only does more muscle look good, but it also burns more calories- that's a bonus!

But wait, there's more!

Anaerobic exercise will keep burning calories hours after you finish- it's called 'afterburn:'
"In a 1992 Purdue study, results showed that high intensity, anaerobic type exercise resulted in a significantly greater magnitude of EPOC than aerobic exercise of equal work output."

That's right. You can burn the same amount of calories in less time with anaerobic exercise, but you get a bonus on top of that. And that is why I don't do traditional cardio- it's long, it's boring, and it's less efficient. But, remember, aerobic cardio is still good if you don't overdo it. This is just a matter of personal preference.

 These are extreme ends of the spectrum.
Of course the guy on the right weight trains on top of sprinting.

 More marathoners. The one on the right won the race.

Anaerobic exercise comes in two flavors: anaerobic cardio, and anaerobic resistance training.

There are many types of anaerobic cardio: running, sprinting, biking fast, spin class, etc. But there's one variant that stands out: High Intensity Interval Training. It has some amazingly good benefits. One variant is known as the Tabata method, which only lasts for a total of four minutes. Of course, it's incredibly intense (some call it "four minutes in hell": 20 seconds of running at top speed, then 10 seconds of walking, repeated 8 times). It may not sound that bad, but, trust me, it is. I've only done it a few times. I don't recommend it, but I brought it up to make a point: you can get more out of 4 minutes of HIIT than half an hour of cardio.

Resistance training, more commonly called weight training or weightlifting, is for everyone, males and females alike. Of course some people are perfectly happy with the amount of muscle tissue (or lack thereof) they have, but I'm talking in generality.

Why?

The benefits of weightlifting for guys is obvious, but women should do so, too.

As mentioned previously, building more muscle means your body burns more energy at rest, making it easier to lose weight or to stay lean. This is awesome on its own.

A lot of women who do lift weights do so because they want to get 'toned.' And they do so by lifting light weights at high repetitions. This is a waste of time. 'Toning' exercises are almost completely useless apart from burning a few calories. Spot reduction is a myth- doing hundreds of sit-ups or crunches won't get rid of the fat around your belly. Having a toned appearance means having well-developed muscles at a low bodyfat percentage.

Seriously?

To develop muscles, women should not train much differently than guys- they must lift heavy weights. And, no, lifting heavy will not make women 'bulky' like guys. Testosterone is a crucial hormone in building muscle, and women have much less of it than men do. Female bodybuilders (I don't think I need to provide a picture of that) train very hard to look the way they do, and often it's with the use of steroids.

Lifting heavy usually results in the 'toned' appearance for women that they like so much.

There's a fine line between female bodybuilders and fitness models. Take Jamie Eason (spokesperson for Bodybuilding.com) and Kathleen Tesori (who has a 9-5 job), for example.

So as it turns out, weightlifting can get you your ideal body, regardless of gender.

I'll talk more about weightlifting in my next post.

On Weight Loss

[I'll probably end up updating this post several times since it covers a lot of important material that I need to convey effectively- since there's so much to go over, I'm inevitably going to leave out a few things and oversimplify others. I've been stuck here for a while, but I want to move on to other topics, so this isn't a final draft.]

One last thing about keto

Now that I've given you everything you could possibly want to know about the ketogenic diet, I think it's time to step back and look at the bigger picture. Sure, I hold keto in extremely high regard, but that's only because I think it deserves it: it works wonders for those who are overweight and are insulin resistant. However, it's not the ultimate one-size-fits-all diet.

The definition of weight loss

The term "weight loss" is not entirely accurate, because that weight could be anything. From time to time, I'll see someone on the internet ask "What's the fastest way to lose weight?" and jokingly someone will respond with "Amputation." But, practically, the issue here is with muscle loss- one can 'lose weight' but actually get fatter. Conversely, one can gain weight and get leaner. The more precise saying is "fat loss" but, frankly, that sounds kind of funny. So whenever I say "weight loss," I really mean "fat loss."

The principles of weight loss

Sometimes, good 'ol caloric restriction is all you need, along with an educated and informed perspective on food, not some special diet- diets are mostly guidance tools anyway. Just to clarify: carbohydrates aren't evil, they're just abused. If you're not insulin resistant, there's no really compelling reason to follow a low-carb diet (other than cardiovascular problems) because your body reacts to insulin as it should, so then your fat cells function as they should. Caloric restriction can do a lot of good for your body aside from weight loss. Many diseases of civilization are caused simply by a chronic caloric excess. Your body is designed to work under both a caloric deficit and surplus- if either one dominates your life, that's not good.

Mental discipline/fortitude, consistency, and patience are the keys to losing weight. Actually, those are the keys to any fitness related goal, be it athletic or aesthetic.

Calories in - calories out = change in stored energy (usually fat)?
Not quite. You've probably seen this before, or at least debunked in Fat Head: this is an extreme oversimplification. Of course the general idea is right- you need a net caloric deficit to lose weight. When put to the test, though, this equation doesn't hold- the mechanisms of energy transfer in your body are much more complicated than simple thermodynamics (I actually took that class last semester- if you want to get technical then this article is a good read). This equation applies only to simple thermodynamic processes; it's how calories are measured in foods, by the way- a sample is placed in a bomb calorimeter and after combusting the sample, scientists can figure out the caloric density of a food through the wonders of science and math. Your body's biochemistry doesn't work that way though- how your body sees a calorie is different than its physical definition: not all calories are equal.

I got this for a pretty good price off Amazon. It is definitely NOT light reading, though.

One of the first reasons as to why the aforementioned statement is true is the Thermic Effect of Food, or TEF. Basically, this refers to your body having to expend energy in order to convert what you just ate into a usable form. Each macronutrient has its own average "thermogenic factor" which reflects the percentage of energy expended:
protein has a thermogenic factor of 27% while carbohydrate and fat have thermogenic factors of about 5%. What does this mean? Protein calories are 'worth' significantly less than carbohydrate or fat calories. Protein is king of the macronutrients- eat plenty of it. It supports your lean body mass (which is a very good thing) while making that caloric deficit easier to attain, which gets rid of bodyfat. This is another reason why low-carb diets do well- you end up eating more protein than you would otherwise.

So what does "burning" calories entail, exactly? Well, three major things:

1. Resting Metabolic Rate, or RMR. This is dependent on your weight, age, and genetics. This is often the defining factor in whether a person is "naturally thin" or not. It's the energy your body spends to simply function and keep all of your cells working- you'll burn this many calories if you just sit in bed all day. It can be increased by stimulants: either typical stuff (caffeine, green tea, etc.) or more expensive weight-loss products (Ephedrine, Hydroxycut, etc.). Have you noticed that skinny people tend to be really energetic, and larger ones not so much? Stimulants can help you overcome crappy genetics (if you have them) and give you more energy. This benefit is compounded by the tendency to have more productive workouts, so it's two for the price of one.

 If you're really curious, you can get your RMR calculated.

2. The Thermic Effect of Food, as previously discussed.

3. Activity. This one's obvious.

Yeah, Wii Sports counts. Boxing will make your heart rate surprisingly high.
Wii Fit is boring though.

The problem is that a lot of people who try to lose weight don't exercise. Often, that ends up causing the diet to fail because either the dieter doesn't get results or they end up being tired all the time, and they end up quitting. That's because your body's DNA is all about survival- cut your caloric intake and guess what happens? Your RMR lowers too, and it might even match your caloric deficit, given it's small enough. So how do you prevent this from happening? Exercise, of course. There's only one problem: exercise tends to increase your appetite (though not immediately afterward) so exercise without dieting is often a futile attempt at losing weight.


Now, exercise is something I'll cover in my next post in greater detail, but I want to stress how important it is. Personally, I think everyone should be active regardless of their physical shape because it's the key to being healthy, which is much more important than outward appearance.

Jack LaLanne lived to be 96. Go look him up on Google and YouTube- there's a reason he's called "The Godfather of Fitness."

On common misconceptions about exercise

"You've got to feel the burn." You've seen this phrase before, but what does it mean? Nothing, really- that burn isn't anything special, and it's certainly not the feeling of fat being metabolized.
Exercise is not the only time you can burn off fat. It's really all about creating a caloric deficit.

Sometimes I hear talk of "burning off" certain 'bad' foods, sometimes pre-emptively. I'm nitpicking here, but this is not the right mindset, for two major reasons:
First, it's just wrong to think that one serving of junk food or one dessert or one high-calorie meal is going to mess up your diet, whether you are trying to lose weight or not. All that matters is your total daily intake of calories (actually, weekly nutrition is more important), so you can compensate by eating less either before or after your little binge. Junk food is merely a combination of carbs, proteins, and fats; therefore, there's nothing special about junk food that will make you fat (However, it's still good for your health to shun highly processed foods for other reasons).
Second, having more leeway in your diet is a benefit of working out, not the other way around- it's not about balancing pleasure and pain in your life.

Exercise doesn't have to be unenjoyable, but there is a time and a place for difficulty. You should enjoy exercise, or eventually learn to (more on this in my next post). The only time your workouts should suck is if it's for a sports team or likewise, where high performance is needed. Otherwise, you only need very difficult workouts if you want very fast change.

Another thing that too many people do: 'track' how many calories they burned during their workout. Sure, it's fine to figure a rough estimate and use it to ballpark your caloric deficit, but often this number is inflated (especially on cardio machines) and people sometimes end up eating more because they think they've earned it, which is a pretty bad idea because they usually end up overcompensating. Actually, caloric intake is the only thing you can be certain of. Consistency is key for losing weight, and you should aim for the same number of calories every day. There are many calorie trackers out there, some in the form of mobile apps, but the best ones are web-based, and my favorite by far is Livestrong.com's MyPlate. It's got a huge database, it's fast, and (in my opinion) nicer-looking than the rest. I use it all the time, and I recommend it highly.

The Ketogenic Diet

I briefly went over keto in my previous post, but I left a lot of loose ends, so now I'll give you an in-depth view of the diet.

King of the low-carb diets

A ketogenic diet resembles the "induction phase" of the Atkins diet, but with one key difference: you're not allowed to eat as much as you want as long as you keep your carbs low. A caloric deficit is still needed to lose bodyfat, even if you are fixing the core problem: insulin resistance. However, it will be easier to maintain a deficit- keto tends to have a hunger-blunting effect. Fullness from fat and protein kicks in a lot sooner from that than carbs, and satiety is increased dramatically in the absence of carbs, meaning you don't get nearly as hungry later on.

Dr. Atkins died at the age of 72, with exceptionally good cardiovascular health.

He slipped on ice and suffered severe head trauma and died a few days later.

His wife is still alive, as is his mom, who is 93.

But what is a ketogenic diet?

Your body has a "plan B" mode of metabolism that almost no one in the general public knows about. When your body runs out of stored glucose, and isn't getting enough from your dietary intake to keep up sufficient blood sugar levels, it switches over to plan B. "Ketogenic" means 'conducive to the generation of ketones.' What are ketones? Basically, the byproducts of fat metabolism (this is an oversimplification though). But ketones have a very important function: your brain can operate off of them in lieu of glucose! (As a matter of fact, following a ketogenic diet greatly reduces the frequency of seizures, if not stopping them altogether, in epileptics) Following a ketogenic diet almost flatlines your insulin levels and so can do wonders for improving insulin sensitivity. There are a myriad of other metabolic benefits too.

However, this is just prompts a long series of questions that involve biochemistry. These are all addressed extremely well in here, with a very good overview of keto as a whole (this post is great too). While the first link is very informative, and is definitely recommended reading beyond the biochemistry section, it might be a bit of information overload if this is still a new concept to you. I'll be giving you my own version, but keep in mind that these are awesome resources.

This is the basic idea of keto: eat a low percentage of Calories coming from carbs, a moderate percentage coming from protein, and a high percentage coming from fat, while keeping your overall caloric intake fairly low. (The protein/fat ratio has some leeway, but too much protein will prevent you from entering ketosis, which might make you feel like crap.) This will eventually put your body in a fat-burning state rather than a carb-burning one (I will go into excruciating detail on this in a minute). Burning so much fat (mostly dietary fat) produces a lot of ketones, eventually putting your body into a state of ketosis. This has a ton of benefits other than promoting insulin sensitivity, which you can read about in the previous link.

 Keto: eat bacon and lose weight.

Excess ketones are usually exhaled or urinated out. Naturally, your breath and urine are pretty good indicators of whether you are in ketosis, although you can still be in ketosis with the absence of these signs. So what are these signs, exactly? 'Keto breath,' which is often described as 'fruity,' and acetone in your urine, which can be detected with ketostix. Ketostix can be found at a pharmacy- they are used by diabetics (or anyone with messed up kidneys) to make sure that they don't go into ketoacidosis since their kidneys don't function as they should. When one's kidneys don't function well, one doesn't even have to eat a ketogenic diet to build up ketones in the blood to a dangerous, pH-altering level. Needless to say, if you are diabetic or have kidney problems, don't do keto without first consulting a doctor. You don't need to worry about ketoacidosis if you are eating a ketogenic diet and you have functional kidneys. Also, it is important to note that eating a ton of protein will not give you kidney stones or damage them in any way unless you have a pre-existing kidney condition. That is simply an unsubstantiated myth that has been spread around by ignorant, albeit well-meaning, people.

Acetone- a ketone. Ketostix detect these.

Achieving a state of ketosis is a multi-step process. That process starts with the depletion of your body's stored carbohydrate- glycogen.

A glycogen molecule. Ain't it pretty?

Glycogen is stored both in the liver and the muscles. When you don't eat carbs or don't eat at all, your body will use primarily its liver glycogen for energy and the maintenance of blood sugar levels. One gram of glycogen can 'hold' 2.5-3 grams of water. That corresponds to a lot of weight lost over a very short time frame if one goes low-carb. Many people don't recognize that weight loss does not necessarily correspond to fat loss, so they quit the diet, satisfied with the arbitrary number on the scale, and all that weight comes back in a day or three. Then they think the diet was simply a failure. This is silly and ignorant. Try to weigh yourself only once a week if you follow a low-carb diet, and know that the mirror is a better tool for gauging progress.

Now, back to glycogen-- aside from energy, it's used to keep your blood sugar from dropping too low. Your brain usually runs on glucose, and if there's too much or too little, it'll freak out. Insulin is used to lower blood sugar if it's high- this is why diabetics have to frequently measure their blood glucose levels. By the way, type 2 diabetes is simply an extreme insulin resistance which can usually be fixed.

One of the most famous mispronunciations ever.

When those hepatic stores of glycogen are gone, your body will start looking for another source of glucose: either protein or fat (in this case, a substitute for glucose). 

If you don't eat a lot of fat, your body will default to using protein. The process of converting protein to glucose is called gluconeogenesis. If you're not eating a lot of protein, that won't be sufficient, so your body will cannibalize your muscle protein to make up for that. This is bad for obvious reasons. Now it is probably worth mentioning here that a diet comprised almost entirely of protein does have some merit. You could say that a protein diet is keto's crazy half-brother. If there were such a thing as a 'healthy crash diet,' this would be it. It's not sustainable for much longer than a week or two assuming you're a sane person, and provided you take a multivitamin. The reason it works is that protein is very filling and so it's very easy to eat few calories without feeling like you're starving. Plus, protein is closer to 3 Calories per gram than 4 when it's all said and done, and eating so much will spare your muscle tissue from being cannibalized.

Chicken: the holy grail of lean meat.

However, if you hardly eat any carbs and you do eat a lot of fat, your body will notice and will accordingly start using it for energy, ultimately landing you in ketosis. Once in ketosis, your body will switch from glucose to ketones for brain food, and then your body won't care about your blood sugar is like, which virtually eliminates the risk of muscular catabolism (breakdown) for gluconeogenesis.

 

This is for all you visual learners.

There are 3 main variations of keto: the most common is the Standard Ketogenic Diet, or SKD. As the name implies, this is just straight-up keto for weeks on end. This is more for sedentary people. It seems like this is the only way to get into 'strong' ketosis: I think it has to do with the brain adapting to ketones completely. I have no experience with this variation of keto, though, so don't take my word for it.

The other two types of keto are known as the Cyclical Ketogenic Diet (CKD) and the Targeted Ketogenic Diet (TKD). These are for people who exercise- especially anaerobic exercise. That means weight-lifting and intense cardio, which are hugely beneficial to everyone-- I will talk about these in one of my upcoming posts, because there's a lot of ignorance and misconception surrounding them that I want to dispel. Now, anaerobic activity requires muscle glycogen. Glycogen is created from carbs. No carbs means you eventually run out of muscle glycogen, making anaerobic activity almost impossible. This is known as 'bonking.' You will know when it happens-- it sucks. There are two ways to prevent this from happening:

CKD allows weekly 'carb-ups' where you exit ketosis and eat a lot of carbs over the course of one or two days. This is my favorite version of keto because it allows you to satisfy any carb cravings you have in addition to making your favorite foods accessible. However, you have to be really careful to not get into the wrong mindset and overdo it, thereby sabotaging your progress. Cheat meals and carb-ups are there to keep you sane and happy, but you have to earn it. Lift weights and do short-yet-intense cardio if this appeals to you. The only downside is that you fill up your liver glycogen, so it takes a day or so to get back in to ketosis.

You may have seen this giant donut on Man vs. Food. I've actually had a part of this monster before. You can't binge on this for your carb-up, but you can have at least one of the regular-sized one.

TKD allows you to have small to moderate amounts of carbs before (if necessary) and after your workouts to immediately replenish muscle glycogen stores. However, this doesn't let you binge on carbs on the weekend, so it's not as enjoyable. The upside is that the carbs shouldn't cause you to exit ketosis.

Putting it all together
Keto is the proper way to do a low-carb diet: it switches your body to a fat-burning mode, meaning that your energy levels shouldn't decrease-- in fact, it could very well increase your energy levels if you are an insulin-resistant individual. It has the potential to do wonders for your health. The science behind it is proven, even if it isn't embraced by the public quite yet. It can allow for cheat meals, given you've earned them, making it easier to stay on the narrow path. Finally, it puts a new perspective on how you view carbs, preventing you from abusing them again when you stop following the diet, allowing you to go back to a relatively normal and healthful diet without gaining your weight back.